Transgênicos estão matando abelhas e borboletas?

O cultivo de OGMs traz grande preocupação em relação aos seus possíveis efeitos indesejados em espécies não alvo, como alguns insetos. Afinal, os OGMs estão acabando com as abelhas e borboletas?

Referências:

Greco A. Transgênicos, o avanço da biotecnologia. Ed. Oirã, 2009.

Thompson RP. Agro-technology: A philosophical Introduction. Cambridge, 2011.

Morandin LA. Genetically modified crops: effects on bees and pollination. In: James RR, Pitts-Singer TL (Ed.) Bee pollination in agricultural ecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2008.

Danforth B. What is the relationship between pesticides for GMOs and the decline in bee populations? Cornell Alliance for Science, Cornell University. http://bit.ly/2pv8gua

Minkel JR. Desaparecimento misterioso de abelhas está ligado a vírus raro. Scientific American Brasil. http://bit.ly/2pvljMt

Earth Observatory. Will Plants and Pollinators Get Out of Sync? NASA. https://go.nasa.gov/2pvlmYF

Clarke T. Monarchs safe from Bt. Nature News, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/news010913-12

Artigos:

Losey, J. E., Rayor, L. S. & Carter, M. E. Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae. Nature 399, 214, (1999).

Zangerl, A.R. et al. Effects of exposure to event 176 Bacillus thuringiensis corn pollen on monarch and black swallowtail caterpillars under field conditions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, in press (2001).

Hellmich, R. L. et al. Monarch larvae sensitivity to Bacillus thuringiensis purified proteins and pollen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, in press (2001).

Pleasants, J. M. et al. Corn pollen distribution on milkweeds in and near cornfields. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, in press (2001).

Oberhauser, K. S. et al. Temporal and spatial overalap between monarch larvae and corn pollen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, in press (2001).

Sears, M. K. et al. Impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly populations: A risk assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, in press (2001).

Stanley-Horn, D. E. Assessing the impact of Cry1Ab-expressing corn pollen on monarch butterfly larvae in field studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, in press (2001).